2,4-dinitrophenol enhances cisplatin and etoposide cytotoxic activity on prostate cancer cell line.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Including additional compounds that disturb the energy metabolism of cancer cells in advanced cancer therapy regimens may be an approach to overcome the problem of drug resistance and the therapeutic effectiveness of classic chemotherapeutics. One of the compounds that decouple oxidative phosphorylation, and thus alter the activity of energy-producing pathways, is 2,4-DNP (2,4- dinitrophenol). OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the ability of the 2,4-DNP to sensitize prostate cancer cells to the action of cisplatin and etoposide, or to intensify their action. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was carried out on three prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC-3, DU-145. To assess the effect of cisplatin or etoposide with 2,4-DNP on prostate cancer cells, MTT assay, analysis of the cell cycle and apoptosis detection was performed. Oxidative stress was investigated by CellRox fluorescence staining and expression of genes related to antioxidant defence. In addition, analysis was conducted of the expression of genes related to cell cycle inhibition, transporters associated with multi-drug resistance and DNA repair. RESULTS: The study showed that the simultaneous incubation of 2,4-DNP with cisplatin or etoposide enhances the cytotoxic effect of the chemotherapeutic agent only in LNCaP cells (oxidative phenotype). CONCLUSIONS: The enhanced cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutics by 2,4-DNP may be the result of disturbed redox balance, reduced ability of cells to repair DNA, and the oxidative metabolic phenotype of prostate cancer cells.

Assessment of the Impact of Carvedilol Administered Together with Dexrazoxan and Doxorubicin on Liver Structure and Function, Iron Metabolism, and Myocardial Redox System in Rats.

Late cardiotoxicity is a formidable challenge in anthracycline-based anticancer treatments. Previous research hypothesized that co-administration of carvedilol (CVD) and dexrazoxane (DEX) might provide superior protection against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity compared to DEX alone. However, the anticipated benefits were not substantiated by the findings. This study focuses on investigating the impact of CVD on myocardial redox system parameters in rats treated with DOX + DEX, examining its influence on overall toxicity and iron metabolism. Additionally, considering the previously observed DOX-induced ascites, a seldom-discussed condition, the study explores the potential involvement of the liver in ascites development. Compounds were administered weekly for ten weeks, with a specific emphasis on comparing parameter changes between DOX + DEX + CVD and DOX + DEX groups. Evaluation included alterations in body weight, feed and water consumption, and analysis of NADPH2, NADP+, NADPH2/NADP+, lipid peroxidation, oxidized DNA, and mRNA for superoxide dismutase 2 and catalase expressions in cardiac muscle. The iron management panel included markers for iron, transferrin, and ferritin. Liver abnormalities were assessed through histological examinations, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and serum albumin level measurements. During weeks 11 and 21, reduced NADPH2 levels were observed in almost all examined groups. Co-administration of DEX and CVD negatively affected transferrin levels in DOX-treated rats but did not influence body weight changes. Ascites predominantly resulted from cardiac muscle dysfunction rather than liver-related effects. The study's findings, exploring the impact of DEX and CVD on DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, indicate a lack of scientific justification for advocating the combined use of these drugs at histological, biochemical, and molecular levels.

Preliminary studies of 1,5-benzoxazepine derivatives as potential histamine H3 receptor antagonists.

Aims: Our research aimed to evaluate how the rigidification of the characteristic 3-aminopropyloxy linker by incorporating it into 1,5-benzoxazepines affects the potency of histamine H3 receptor (H3R) antagonists/inverse agonists. This research constitutes a starting point for the full characterization of the pharmacological properties of this group of compounds. Materials & methods: Several 1,5-benzoxazepine derivatives were synthesized and pharmacologically tested as potential H3R antagonist/inverse agonists. In a addition, the effect of the derivatives on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition and cytotoxicity were tested. Results: The studies indicated 1,5-benzoxazepine containing three carbon side chains as a compound for further modification. Conclusion: Further optimization of the lead structure is necessary, which will favorably affect biological targets.

Novel phenoxyacetylthiosemicarbazide derivatives as novel ligands in cancer diseases.

Numerous epidemiological studies report an increased risk of developing prostate cancer in patients with melanoma and an increased risk of developing melanoma in patients with prostate cancer. Based on our previous studies demonstrating the high anticancer activity of thiosemicarbazides with a phenoxy moiety, we designed nineteen phenoxyacetylthiosemicarbazide derivatives and four of them acting as potential dual-ligands for both cancers. All of the compounds were characterized by their melting points and 1H, 13C NMR and IR spectra. For selected compounds, X-ray investigations were carried out to confirm the synthesis pathway, identify the tautomeric form and intra- and intermolecular interaction in the crystalline state. The conformational preferences and electronic structure of molecules were investigated by theoretical calculation method. Lipophilicity of compounds (log kw) was determined using isocratic reversed phase/high pressure liquid chromatography RP-18. For the obtained compounds, in vitro tests were carried out on four melanoma cell lines (A375, G-361, SK-MEL2, SK-MEL28), four prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3, DU-145, LNCaP, VcaP) and a normal human fibroblast cell line (BJ). The most active compounds turned out to be F6. Cell cycle analysis, apoptosis detection, CellROX staining and mitochondrial membrane potential analysis were performed for the most sensitive cancer cells treated with most active compounds. DSC analysis was additionally performed for selected compounds to determine their purity, compatibility, and thermal stability. The process of prooxidation was proposed as a potential mechanism of anticancer activity.

The Lack of Synergy between Carvedilol and the Preventive Effect of Dexrazoxane in the Model of Chronic Anthracycline-Induced Cardiomyopathy.

The anticancer efficacy of doxorubicin (DOX) is dose-limited because of cardiomyopathy, the most significant adverse effect. Initially, cardiotoxicity develops clinically silently, but it eventually appears as dilated cardiomyopathy with a very poor prognosis. Dexrazoxane (DEX) is the only FDA-approved drug to prevent the development of anthracycline cardiomyopathy, but its efficacy is insufficient. Carvedilol (CVD) is another product being tested in clinical trials for the same indication. This study's objective was to evaluate anthracycline cardiotoxicity in rats treated with CVD in combination with DEX. The studies were conducted using male Wistar rats receiving DOX (1.6 mg/kg b.w. i.p., cumulative dose: 16 mg/kg b.w.), DOX and DEX (25 mg/kg b.w. i.p.), DOX and CVD (1 mg/kg b.w. i.p.), or a combination (DOX + DEX + CVD) for 10 weeks. Afterward, in the 11th and 21st weeks of the study, echocardiography (ECHO) was performed, and the tissues were collected. The addition of CVD to DEX as a cardioprotective factor against DOX had no favorable advantages in terms of functional (ECHO), morphological (microscopic evaluation), and biochemical alterations (cardiac troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide levels), as well as systemic toxicity (mortality and presence of ascites). Moreover, alterations caused by DOX were abolished at the tissue level by DEX; however, when CVD was added, the persistence of DOX-induced unfavorable alterations was observed. The addition of CVD normalized the aberrant expression of the vast majority of indicated genes in the DOX + DEX group. Overall, the results indicate that there is no justification to use a simultaneous treatment of DEX and CVD in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.

Guanidines: Synthesis of Novel Histamine H3R Antagonists with Additional Breast Anticancer Activity and Cholinesterases Inhibitory Effect.

This study examines the properties of novel guanidines, designed and synthesized as histamine H3R antagonists/inverse agonists with additional pharmacological targets. We evaluated their potential against two targets viz., inhibition of MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells viability and inhibition of AChE/BuChE. ADS10310 showed micromolar cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells, combined with nanomolar affinity at hH3R, and may represent a promising target for the development of an alternative method of cancer therapy. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed moderate inhibition of BuChE in the single-digit micromolar concentration ranges. H3R antagonist with additional AChE/BuChE inhibitory effect might improve cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease. For ADS10310, several in vitro ADME-Tox parameters were evaluated and indicated that it is a metabolically stable compound with weak hepatotoxic activity and can be accepted for further studies.

Anticancer and antimicrobial activity of new copper (II) complexes.

In this study, three new organic ligands N'-(benzylidene)-6-chloropyrazine-2-carbohydrazonamide (L1), 6-chloro-N'-(4-nitrobenzylidene)picolinohydrazonamide(L2), and N'-(benzylidene)-4-chloropicolinohydrazonamide (L3) and three copper coordination compounds (Cu(L1)Cl2, Cu(L2)Cl2 and Cu(L3)Cl2) based on them were synthesized. All obtained compounds were characterized using appropriate analytical techniques: elemental analysis (EA), thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and flame-atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS). These methods of physicochemical analyses helped to assume that the complexation in three cases proceeds in a bidentate manner. The X-ray investigation confirmed the synthesis pathway and molecular structures for L1 and L3 ligands. The antimicrobial activity of the obtained compounds was then comprehensively investigated, where Cu(L3)Cl2 showed the strongest antibacterial properties against all tested bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli). LN229 human glioma cells and BJ human normal fibroblasts cells were treated with tested compounds and their cytotoxicity was evaluated with MTT test. The effect of complexing on antitumor activity has been investigated. The ligand L1 and its complex showed similar activity against normal cells while complexation increases toxicity against cancer cells in concentrations of 50 and 100 µM. For the one pair of ligand/complex compounds the apoptosis detection, cell cycle analysis and gene expression analysis (qRT-PCR) were performed. Cu(L1)Cl2 showed the stronger toxic effect in comparison with L1 due to the population of early apoptotic cells which revealed metabolic activity in MTT assay.

Cardioprotective Effect of Centaurea castriferrei Borbás & Waisb Extract against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in H9c2 Cells.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most used chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of various types of cancer. However, a continual problem that is associated with its application in therapeutic regimens is the development of dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. The progression of this process is associated with a range of different mechanisms, but especially with the high level of oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the water and methanol-water extracts from the plant Centaurea castriferrei (CAS) obtained by the ultrasound-assisted extraction method on the DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in the rat embryonic cardiomyocyte cell line H9c2. The H9c2 cells were treated for 48 h with the DOX and water or methanol-water extracts, or a combination (DOX + CAS H2O/CAS MeOH). The MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis detection revealed that both the tested extracts significantly abolished the cytotoxic effect caused by DOX. Moreover, the detection of oxidative stress by the CellROX reagent, the evaluation of the number of AP sites, and the expressions of the genes related to the oxidative stress defense showed substantial reductions in the oxidative stress levels in the H9c2 cells treated with the combination of DOX and CAS H2O/CAS MeOH compared with the DOX administered alone. The tested extracts did not affect the cytotoxic effect of DOX on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The obtained results constitute the basis for further research in the context of the application of C. castriferrei extracts as adjuvants in the therapy regiments of cancer patients treated with DOX.

Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-Cancer Properties of Extracts of Centaurea castriferrei Borbás & Waisb Genus of Centaurea L.

The Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) genus includes many plant species with therapeutic properties. Centaurea castriferrei Borbás & Waisb is one of the least known and least described plants of this genus. The aim of the study was the phytochemical analysis of water and methanol-water extracts (7:3 v/v) obtained from the aerial parts of the plant as well as evaluation of their anticancer activity. Quantitative determinations of phenolic compounds and flavonoids were performed, and the antioxidant potential was measured using the CUPRAC method. The RP-HPLC/DAD analysis and HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS mass spectroscopy were performed, to determine the extracts' composition. The antiproliferative activity of the obtained extracts was tested in thirteen cancer cell lines and normal skin fibroblasts using MTT test. Regardless of the extraction method and the extractant used, similar cytotoxicity of the extracts on most cancer cell lines was observed. However, the methanol-water extracts (7:3 v/v) contained significantly more phenolic compounds and flavonoids as well as showing stronger antioxidant properties in comparison to water extracts. Centaurea castriferrei Borbás & Waisb is a rich source of apigenin and its derivatives. In all tested extracts, chlorogenic acid and centaurein were also identified. In vitro research revealed that this plant may be a potential source of compounds with anticancer activity.

New Coordination Compounds Based on a Pyrazine Derivative: Design, Characterization, and Biological Study.

New coordination compounds of Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), and Ni(II) and the biologically active ligand L (N'-benzylidenepyrazine-2-carbohydrazonamide) were synthesized and characterized by appropriate analytical techniques: elemental analysis (EA), thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and flame-atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS). The biological activity of the obtained compounds was then comprehensively investigated. Rational use of these compounds as potential drugs was proven by ADME analysis. All obtained compounds were screened in vitro for antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. Some of the studied complexes exhibited significantly higher activity than the ligand alone.

Targeting Energy Metabolism in Cancer Treatment.

Cancer is the second most common cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular diseases. The development of molecular and biochemical techniques has expanded the knowledge of changes occurring in specific metabolic pathways of cancer cells. Increased aerobic glycolysis, the promotion of anaplerotic responses, and especially the dependence of cells on glutamine and fatty acid metabolism have become subjects of study. Despite many cancer treatment strategies, many patients with neoplastic diseases cannot be completely cured due to the development of resistance in cancer cells to currently used therapeutic approaches. It is now becoming a priority to develop new treatment strategies that are highly effective and have few side effects. In this review, we present the current knowledge of the enzymes involved in the different steps of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway, and possible targeted therapies. The review also focuses on presenting the differences between cancer cells and normal cells in terms of metabolic phenotype. Knowledge of cancer cell metabolism is constantly evolving, and further research is needed to develop new strategies for anti-cancer therapies.

Metatypical basal cell carcinoma: from the primary tumour to a generalized metastatic process - description of diagnostics and combination therapy of an extremely rare skin cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of skin cancer. The hallmarks of this carcinoma are the absence of distant metastases and local malignancy. Metatypical basal cell carcinoma (MTBBC) is rare variant that it is considered to be a more aggressive form, with a higher potential for metastases and recurrence. Probably due to its very rare occurrence, data on pathogenesis, course and treatment are inconsistent. CASE REPORT: An unusual and very aggressive course of MTBBC with multiple metastases is prtesented. Repeated histopathological evaluation shows the diagnostic difficulties in this type of tumour. Therapeutic attempts, including targeted therapy with vismodegib, were unsuccessful. CONCLUSIONS: This case showed that it should always be taken into account that each case of diagnosed BCC may turn out to be metatypical variant with a much more aggressive course and worse prognosis. For this reason, intensive follow-up after a completed treatment is recommended.

Potential Anticancer Agents against Melanoma Cells Based on an As-Synthesized Thiosemicarbazide Derivative.

In this paper, thiosemicarbazide derivatives were synthesized as potential anticancer agents. X-ray investigations for 1-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetyl-4-(2-fluorophenyl) thiosemicarbazide, 1-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetyl-4-(4-metylothiophenyl)thiosemicarbazide and 1-(2,4-di chlorophenoxy)acetyl-4-(4-iodophenyl)thiosemicarbazide were carried out in order to confirm the synthesis pathways, identify their tautomeric forms, analyze the conformational preferences of molecules, and identify intra- and intermolecular interactions in the crystalline state. TLC and RP-HPLC analyses were used to determine lipophilicity. The lipophilicity analysis revealed that the 4-substituted halogen derivatives of thiosemicarbazides showed greater lipophilicity compared with 2-substituted derivatives. The optimal range of lipophilicity for biologically active compounds logkw is between 4.14 and 4.78. However, as the analysis showed, it is not a decisive parameter. The cytotoxicity of the new compounds was evaluated against both the G-361 and BJ cell lines. Cytotoxicity analyses and cell-cycle and cell apoptosis assays were performed. The MTT test demonstrated that three compounds were cytotoxic to melanoma cells and not toxic to normal fibroblasts in the concentration range used. The cell cycle analysis showed that the compounds had no significant effect on the cell cycle inhibition. An extensive gene expression analysis additionally revealed that all compounds tested downregulated the expression of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). DHODH is a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines. Due to the rapid rate of cancer cell proliferation and the increased demand for nucleotide synthesis, it has become a potential therapeutic target.

Hyaluronic Acid as a Modern Approach in Anticancer Therapy-Review.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear polysaccharide and crucial component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), maintaining tissue hydration and tension. Moreover, HA contributes to embryonic development, healing, inflammation, and cancerogenesis. This review summarizes new research on the metabolism and interactions of HA with its binding proteins, known as hyaladherins (CD44, RHAMM), revealing the molecular basis for its distinct biological function in the development of cancer. The presence of HA on the surface of tumor cells is a sign of an adverse prognosis. The involvement of HA in malignancy has been extensively investigated using cancer-free naked mole rats as a model. The HA metabolic components are examined for their potential impact on promoting or inhibiting tumor formation, proliferation, invasion, and metastatic spread. High molecular weight HA is associated with homeostasis and protective action due to its ability to preserve tissue integrity. In contrast, low molecular weight HA indicates a pathological condition in the tissue and plays a role in pro-oncogenic activity. A systematic approach might uncover processes related to cancer growth, establish novel prognostic indicators, and identify potential targets for treatment action.

The Mitochondria-Independent Cytotoxic Effect of Leflunomide on RPMI-8226 Multiple Myeloma Cell Line.

Leflunomide, an anti-inflammatory agent, has been shown to be effective in multiple myeloma (MM) treatment; however, the mechanism of this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated. The aim of the study was to assess the role of mitochondria and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibition in the cytotoxicity of leflunomide in relation to the MM cell line RPMI 8226. The cytotoxic effect of teriflunomide-an active metabolite of leflunomide-was determined using MTT assay, apoptosis detection, and cell cycle analysis. To evaluate DHODH-dependent toxicity, the cultures treated with teriflunomide were supplemented with uridine. Additionally, the level of cellular thiols as oxidative stress symptom was measured as well as mitochondrial membrane potential and protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) activity. The localization of the compound in cell compartments was examined using HPLC method. Teriflunomide cytotoxicity was not abolished in uridine presence. Observed apoptosis occurred in a mitochondria-independent manner, there was also no decrease in cellular thiols level. Teriflunomide arrested cell cycle in the G2/M phase which is not typical for DHODH deficiency. PTK activity was decreased only at the highest drug concentration. Interestingly, teriflunomide was not detected in the mitochondria. The aforementioned results indicate DHODH- and mitochondria-independent mechanism of leflunomide toxicity against RPMI 8226 cell line.

Influence of Complexation of Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives with Cu (II) Ions on Their Antitumor Activity against Melanoma Cells.

A series of thiosemicarbazone derivatives was prepared and their anti-tumor activity in vitro was tested. The X-ray investigation performed for compounds T2, T3 and T5 confirmed the synthesis pathway and assumed molecular structures of analyzed thiosemicarbazones. The conformational preferences of the thiosemicarbazone system were characterized using theoretical calculations by AM1 method. Selected compounds were converted into complexes of Cu (II) ions. The effect of complexing on anti-tumor activity has been investigated. The copper(II) complexes, with Schiff bases T1, T10, T12, T13, and T16 have been synthesized and characterized by chemical and elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and TGA method. Thermal properties of coordination compounds were studied using TG-DTG techniques under dry air atmosphere. G361, A375, and SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cells and BJ human normal fibroblast cells were treated with tested compounds and their cytotoxicity was evaluated with MTT test. The compounds with the most promising anti-tumour activity were then selected and their cytotoxicity was verified with cell cycle analysis and apoptosis/necrosis detection. Additionally, DNA damages in the form of a basic sites presence and the expression of oxidative stress and DNA damage response genes were evaluated. The obtained results indicate that complexation of thiosemicarbazone derivatives with Cu (II) ions improves their antitumor activity against melanoma cells. The observed cytotoxic effect is associated with DNA damage and G2/M phase of cell cycle arrest as well as disorders of the antioxidant enzymes expression.

Effects of Mephedrone and Amphetamine Exposure during Adolescence on Spatial Memory in Adulthood: Behavioral and Neurochemical Analysis.

A synthetic cathinone, mephedrone is widely abused by adolescents and young adults. Despite its widespread use, little is known regarding its long-term effects on cognitive function. Therefore, we assessed, for the first time, whether (A) repeated mephedrone (30 mg/kg, i.p., 10 days, once a day) exposure during adolescence (PND 40) induces deleterious effects on spatial memory and reversal learning (Barnes maze task) in adult (PND 71-84) rats and whether (B) these effects were comparable to amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Furthermore, the influence of these drugs on MMP-9, NMDA receptor subunits (GluN1, GluN2A/2B) and PSD-95 protein expression were assessed in adult rats. The drug effects were evaluated at doses that per se induce rewarding/reinforcing effects in rats. Our results showed deficits in spatial memory (delayed effect of amphetamine) and reversal learning in adult rats that received mephedrone/amphetamine in adolescence. However, the reversal learning impairment may actually have been due to spatial learning rather than cognitive flexibility impairments. Furthermore, mephedrone, but not amphetamine, enhanced with delayed onset, MMP-9 levels in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. Mephedrone given during adolescence induced changes in MMP-9 level and up-regulation of the GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor (prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) in young adult (PND 63) and adult (PND 87) rats. Finally, in adult rats, PSD-95 expression was increased in the prefrontal cortex and decreased in the hippocampus. In contrast, in adult rats exposed to amphetamine in adolescence, GluN2A subunit and PSD-95 expression were decreased (down-regulated) in the hippocampus. Thus, in mephedrone-but not amphetamine-treated rats, the deleterious effects on spatial memory were associated with changes in MMP-9 level. Because the GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor dominates in adolescence, mephedrone seems to induce more harmful effects on cognition than amphetamine does during this period of life.

Growth Rate and Bone Hydroxyproline Concentration in Turkeys Fed with a Silage-Composed Diet Modified with Different Diet Cation-Anion Differences (DCADs).

Our goal was to determine the responses of body weight (BW) and bone hydroxyproline (Hyp) concentration in turkeys fed a corn silage (CS) diet with different values of dietary cation-anion differences (DCADs). The turkeys (n = 90) were divided into five groups and fed as follows: group A (control)-standard diet (SD) (60%) plus CS (40%); group B-SD (60%), CS (40%) plus 240 g of CaCl2 per 100 kg of diet; group C-SD (60%), CS (40%) plus 480 g of CaCl2 per 100 kg of diet; group D-SD (60%), CS (40%) plus 240 g of NaHCO3 per 100 kg of diet; group E-SD (60%), CS (40%) plus 480 g NaHCO3 per 100 kg of diet. The addition of a lesser amount of CaCl2 lowered the DCAD, which ranged between 52.5 ± 4.19 and 91.14 ± 3.14 mEq/kg DM. An increased content of CaCl2 led to high negative values of DCAD. NaHCO3 supplemented in both doses resulted in a significant elevation of DCAD. Compared to each experimental group, feeding birds with a diet supplemented only with CS resulted in a lower BW. Addition of CaCl2 or NaHCO3 to the diet improved BW, but only CaCl2 addition enhanced the bone Hyp amount. In conclusion, we suggest that an anionic diet with low DCAD can prevent bone abnormalities in large turkeys, especially in the final course of production.

Apigenin and Hesperidin Downregulate DNA Repair Genes in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells and Augment Doxorubicin Toxicity.

A number of studies have confirmed anti-tumor activity of flavonoids and their ability to enhance the effectiveness of classical anticancer drugs. The mechanism of this phenomenon is difficult to explain because of the ambivalent nature of these compounds. Many therapeutic properties of these compounds are attributed to their antioxidant activity; however, it is known that they can act as oxidants. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of apigenin and hesperidin on MCF-7 breast cancer cells with doxorubicin. The cytotoxic effect was determined using an MTT test and cell cycle analysis. To evaluate the possible interaction mechanism, reduced glutathione levels, as well as the DNA oxidative damage and the double strand breaks, were evaluated. Additionally, mRNA expression of genes related to DNA repair was assessed. It was demonstrated that flavonoids intensified the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin despite flavonoids reduced oxidative damage caused by the drug. At the same time, the number of double strand breaks significantly increased and expression of tested genes was downregulated. In conclusion, both apigenin and hesperidin enhance the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin on breast cancer cells, and this phenomenon occurs regardless of oxidative stress but is accompanied by disorders of DNA damage response mechanisms.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Thiosemicarbazides as a New Class of Compounds Against Stomach Cancer Potentially Intercalating with DNA.

hiosemicarbazide is a useful structural moiety that has the biological potential. Optimization of this structure can result in groundbreaking discovery of a new class of therapeutic agents. In the light of this, 1-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetyl-4-(1-naphthyl)thiosemicarbazide (1) and 1,4-bis[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetylthiosemicarbazide]phenyl (2) were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic method. Cytotoxicity of obtained compounds was evaluated on MKN74 gastric cancer cell line and human skin fibroblast BJ based on methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. The apoptosis/necrosis and cell cycle analysis were conducted using image cytometry. Additionally, in DNA of treated cells, abasic sites (AP) and double strands breaks (DSB) presence were measured. Intercalating properties of active compounds were evaluated using the UV-spectroscopic method. Among newly synthesized derivatives, compound 2 showed toxic effects on gastric cancer cells with simultaneous lack of toxicity to normal fibroblasts. Cell cycle analysis revealed that both compounds influence cell division mainly at the stage of replication. Simultaneously with DNA synthesis disorders, DNA damages like AP-sites and DSBs were observed. Spectroscopic studies revealed possible DNA intercalating properties of tested compounds. Obtained results indicate that the newly synthesized thiosemicarbazide derivatives are a promising group of compounds with potential anticancer activity resulted from interactions with DNA and cell cycle interrupt.